The 14th to 19th century
humanists believed that the study of the arts, including philosophy, should be conducted in an informal, conversational style, through conversation, debate and gentle discussion. Let's look at the intellectual ideas of four of these philosophers - Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger and Camus - yes, that Camus, the writer (there had to be a link here somewhere!).
Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) wrote with a rare poetic beauty, while suffering from severe anxiety and depression. He worked through his troubles by developing his philosophic ideas. Indeed he came to see anxiety, rather than doubt, as the chief tool of philosophical questioning. He also rebelled against the abstract philosophy of Hegel, ensuring instead that his ideas - his underlying philosophy - is grounded in the concrete existence of the individual. He championed the idea that individuals are always in relationship with themselves, their environment and each other - for better or worse setting up anxieties that resonated within. It was this intermingling of challenge and change that Kierkegaard saw as the very basis for philosophical constructs. In this way Kierkegaard has influenced psychology and theology as well as philosophy itself.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), emphasises the freedom and responsibility of the individual over all else. His "existential" philosophy, that "man is nothing but what he makes of himself" - became increasingly popular after the Second World War. It expressed and supported the cause of freedom for human beings, to make choices and to assume responsibility for themselves in a post-war world of relativism. Existentialists believe that to treat people "objectively", one step removed as it were, as mere "victims" of physical, biological or environmental circumstance - is to rob them of their essential humanity. Indeed, in Sartre's view, individuals should be accorded the respect that accrues from their unbounded possibility, rather than straightjacketed into mere roles.
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) was a controversial figure in the history of philosophy, if only for his commitment to German National Socialism, provoking the question as to how someone can be so philosophically insightful yet so blind at the same time. He is seen as a "systematic" existential philosopher but one whose influence extends beyond the bounds of existentialism alone.
And onto the writer - this is a writing blog after all.
Albert Camus (1913-1960) was a French Algerian journalist, novelist and philosopher - and perhaps the most enduring novelist of his time. He used novels such as The Outsider, The Plague and The Fall to explore the consequences of existentialism, often taking things to extremes of absurdity to prove his point. The famous confrontation between Camus and Sartre dominated Parisian intellectual life for years and is sorely missed.
